Medical Practitioners: Bidan

Medical Practitioners: Bidan
There are four commonly recognized categories of traditional medical practitioners: bidan, bomoh, dukun and pawang.

A bidan is comparable to a “midwife” in cosmopolitan medicine, but she is more.

She helps pregnant women prepare for giving birth attends and directs the birth and deals with postpartum problems of the mother and child.

She treats children’s illness and female health problems.

Any bidan knows a great deal about diet and the humoral qualities of foods.

Most urban and many rural Malay women now give birth in clinics or hospital; but even urban women consult with traditional bidan in such matters as diet, bathing, and positioning the fetus for easier birth or preventing pregnancy after intercourse.

In certain Malay majority area, bidan are often incorporated into national health programs through additional training, licensing and involving in community clinics.
Medical Practitioners: Bidan

Music for Healing

Music for Healing
Traditional Malay medicine encompasses various kinds of ritual ceremonies intended to communicate with the world of spirits to determine whether the nature of an illness is physical or psychological.

In such ceremonies, the aim is to summon and exorcise the spirits causing illness.

A ritualist serves as a medium, and a small ensemble often provides the musical component.

Known by different name, healing rituals appear in different forms.

The main saba (a curing ceremony, incorporating dance around a saba tree) and main lukah (a fisherman’s curing ritual performed in Pahang) are regional types using song, dance and drumming.

The main puteri (peteri), another form that extensively uses music, is found in Kelantan and Terengganu.

In the main puteri, a medium (tok puteri, tok teri, bomoh) becomes possessed by the spirit causing an illness.

The performance of vocal and instrumental pieces helps him enter a state of trance.

A trance dance (tarian lupa) is a prominent feature of the ceremony.

An assistant, the tok minduk, plays the rebab as he converses and sings in dialogue with the medium.

The orchestra used in Kelantan is larger, perhaps because of the occasional performance of the main puteri with mak yong.

The contemporary main puteri orchestra of Kelantan includes the core mak yong orchestra (a rebab, a pair of gendang and a pair of tetawak), plus two or more canang, a pair of kesi and sometimes an oboe.

The dialogue between the tok minduk and the tok puteri is sung in a slow tempo, with long gong units, long rhythmic patterns in the drum part, and a vocal line featuring a basically syllabic style of singing.

The rebab accompanies the vocal lines of both singers by either playing heterophonically with voice or reiterating, short melodic phrases as ostinatos.

The trance dance sections feature the repetition of brief gong units and short drummed rhythms, a fast tempo and the reiteration and emphasis of the running beat by the small gongs and the hand held cymbals.
Music for Healing